helping peers and responsibility). Petitpas, AJ, Cornelius, AE, Van Raalte, JL, Siedentop, D, Hastie, PA, Van der Mars, H (, Society of Health and Physical Educators (. reviews, practical and theoretical articles); or (3) reporting on the side-effects or negative outcomes associated with PE and sports (e.g. The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. Cooperation and work ethic received considerable attention as well, particularly in the context of sports with studies showing a positive relationship with helping peers and teamwork. In addition, the same study concluded that boys involved in sports had, according to their parents, fewer peer problems. After the title, abstract and full text screening, 88 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included for further analysis. FundingThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by the Special Chair ‘Pedagogy of Physical Education’ founded by the Royal Dutch Association for Physical Education (KVLO) at the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Utrecht University in The Netherlands. Social development is very closely linked to cognitive and emotional development, and together these developmental markers and milestones build the foundation for developing relationships with other people, coping with stressful situations, and … Building on the increasing interest in and relevance of pursuing personal and social goals (see for example Hardman et al., 2014), researchers and practitioners are encouraged to consider the longitudinal aspect of development in their work. • Identifies different ways to be physically active. Families typically give young children … In response to a world-wide PE survey, Hardman et al. What Is the Definition of Social Development. helping each other) did not fit into any of the themes already formed, a new theme was created (i.e. A total of 27 studies reported on meeting people and making friends. Youth sports: What counts as “positive development”? He conceives of education … Other instructional models or theoretical frameworks include Sport Education [36] (Siedentop et al., 2011), Cooperative Learning in Physical Education [39] (Grineski, 1996), Kolb’s (2014) experiential learning theory [54] and the conceptual framework of team building [67] (Carron and Spink, 1993). In addition to fortifying and improving the lives of community members, social development is concerned with improving and maintaining the physical strength and resilience of communities themselves. hard work and effort). A second reviewer (FP) was consulted to check the themes and underlying concepts by answering the following questions: (1) Does every concept fit the theme? One study [35] found no difference in effort between the pre-test and post-test conditions. Bailey et al. Physical education exposes young people to a range of experiences that enable them to develop the skills and knowledge they need to make the most of all opportunities today and to shape new forms of global citizenship. the inductive method) (Miles et al., 2013). Three studies, all qualitative, included both PE and sports. Programme participation was not related to positive changes in children’s social control [3, 44] and emotional control [44]. One qualitative study combined PE and sports. If, however, a concept (e.g. reducing antisocial behaviour such as bullying) (Benson et al., 2006; Holt, 2016; Lerner et al., 2005). Figure 1. Social development means investing in people. The programmes used a variety of sports and/or activities (e.g. Two studies, both qualitative, combined PE and sports. Along similar lines, Coakley (2011) suggested that the emphasis on developing life skills in sports is supported by anecdotes and unsystematic observations and stressed the need to critically evaluate the assumptions being made. This makes it difficult for researchers to compare results across programmes so as to conclude which programmes result in the greatest benefits. The four sports studies showed mixed results. Physical Education is "education through the physical". Two studies were conducted in PE (one quantitative and one qualitative) and 12 studies were conducted in sports (one quantitative, seven qualitative and four mixed method). Evidence suggests that youngsters can develop these personal and social skills through their participation in physical education (PE) (Weiss, 2011) and sports (e.g. Sports were positively associated with assuming control [21], self-control [30], self-management [63], time management skills [18, 33, 52, 86], emotional control [21, 45, 47, 53, 86], resilience [33], and managing stress [33, 47, 85]. Sports were positively related to leadership [15, 33, 85], being a leader [10, 24, 49, 70], being a role model [10, 24, 33, 49], coaching others [10], leadership skills [10, 25, 79] and use of voice [62]. Two studies [54, 55] combined PE and sports in their programme. A total of 11 additional articles met the inclusion criteria. Recent Research Results. States and local school districts across the country use the National Standards to develop or revise existing standards, frameworks and curricula. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. [C] = no specific comparison group was added to the search strategy. It is generally suggested that youngsters can develop personal and social skills through their participation in PE (Weiss, 2011) and sports (Holt et al., 2011). Hodge and Lonsdale, 2011; Weinstein and Ryan, 2010), social competence (Petitpas and Champagne, 2000), personal and social responsibility (Hellison, 1995, 2011), social–emotional learning (Taylor et al., 2017) and character development (e.g. Moreover, studies in PE are much scarcer when compared to studies in sports. Doty, 2006). A wildcard (i.e. In addition, physical literacy is a 21st-century … Social Development Framework One of the most positive aspects of social development is its ability to influence larger social institutions. (4) Does the label of the theme fit the underlying concepts? volleyball, yoga, athletics, adventure activities and cooperative games) to address a variety of personal and social skills (e.g. ). This review aims to answer the following questions: What characterizes studies investigating the benefits of PE and sports on children’s personal and social development? Social Development Framework Physical Development. Its object is to awaken and develop in the child those physical, intellectual and moral states which are required of him both by his society as a whole and by the milieu for which he is specially designed”. Three studies were conducted in PE (one quantitative and two mixed method) and 13 were conducted in sports (three quantitative, six qualitative and four mixed method). The studies in sports showed a positive relationship with responsibility [25, 74, 82a, 85], personal responsibility [50, 66, 70], social responsibility [7, 12, 22, 50, 61] and accountability [25, 49]. What does the literature indicate are the main benefits of PE and sports in terms of children’s personal and social development? The search strategy was drafted by the first author (KO) and discussed and adjusted in consultation with the other authors. Which concepts of personal and social development are investigated in relation to PE and sports? View or download all the content the society has access to. communication skills or initiative); (2) in primary and/or secondary school children (i.e. A total of 14 studies reported on goal-setting. Even though there is an increasing interest in the role of PE and sports in the promotion of personal and social development, it is important to keep in mind that simply participating in PE and sports does not automatically lead to positive outcomes (Bailey et al., 2009; Cryan and Martinek, 2017; Fraser-Thomas and Côté, 2009). The three studies combining PE and sports reported a positive effect on commitment [54, 55] and discipline [64]. Any disagreement was discussed and some minor adjustments were made. No positive relationship was found for group process skills [86]. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Physical development is the process that starts in human infancy and continues into late adolescent concentrating on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty. A card was made for every concept. In future studies, these negative outcomes may receive attention as well. Meeting people and making friends refers to concepts such as interacting with others and creating meaningful relationships. Through social development, people are nurtured from the ground up to have their voices heard within their communities and have a sense of empowerment. However, evidence that supports the personal and social benefits of PE and sports has been inconclusive so far (Bailey et al., 2009; Morris et al., 2003). Other skills developed may include handling a ball or other physical … Confirming to this meaning Durkheim defined education as “the action exercised by the older generations upon those who are not yet ready for social life. In nine studies [10, 22, 38, 52, 53, 57, 81, 82a, 82b, 85], this transfer was actually reported or observed by parents, teachers or the children themselves. programme length) mentioned above. The 88 studies used several study designs, methods and instruments to investigate a variety of concepts related to personal and social development. The five PE studies all showed positive effects of programme participation on responsibility [8, 27, 87], personal responsibility [37], social responsibility [37] and accountability [78]. It requires the removal of barriers so that all citizens can journey toward their dreams with confidence and dignity. Physical Development. For some of these outcomes results were still inconclusive. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. View or download all content the institution has subscribed to. In April 1998, the WHO held a United Nations Inter-Agency Meeting to reach consensus on the meaning and objectives of life skills education. Figure 1 provides an overview of the stages of study selection. This holds true for work ethic, problem-solving, communication, meeting people and friends, leadership, decision-making and goal-setting. They concluded that “robust evidence is needed to test some of the claims made for the benefits of PESS [PE and school sport], but the accumulation of evidence suggests that PESS can have some/many benefits for some/many pupils, given the right social, contextual and pedagogical circumstances” (Bailey et al., 2009: 16). (2005: 66) stated: “Youth sports programs that promote psychosocial development are those that use sports as a vehicle to provide experiences that promote self-discovery and teach participants life skills in an intentional and systematic manner. In the online supplementary Table 3, available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054, a selection is made by presenting those studies (n = 60) that report on the (perceived) benefits of a PE or sports programme. After having presented the main findings for the 11 themes, the studies reporting on the transfer of outcomes to different contexts will be discussed. Four studies were conducted in PE (two quantitative, one qualitative and one mixed method) and four were conducted in sports (two qualitative and two mixed method). It aims to develop students’ physical competence and knowledge of movement and safety, and their ability to use these to perform in a wide range of activities associated with the development of an active and healthy lifestyle. Holt et al., 2011). Eight studies reported on the relationship between PE or sports and problem-solving. The main findings for each of the 11 themes are reported, and limitations and implications are provided to guide researchers and practitioners in their future work. The full reference list of the included studies, as well as all tables (i.e. Additionally, 23 studies discuss the transfer of skills learned through PE (n = 4), sports (n = 17) or PE and sports (n = 2) to different contexts (e.g. A total of 19 studies reported on the relationship between PE or sports and leadership. Second, the current review included studies focusing on the benefits of PE and sports for youngsters’ personal and social development. Responsive and nurturing caregivers are essential for healthy social and emotional well-being. cooperation). Social development is a comprehensive social improvement strategy that seeks to make the lives better for all citizens, and there is a particular emphasis on making the lives better of people who are poor or otherwise needy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health, Tool for assessing responsibility-based education (TARE): Instrument development, content validity, and inter-rater reliability, Implementation and outcomes of a responsibility-based physical activity program integrated into an intact high school physical education class, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, North West Counties Physical Education Association, SAGE Publications, Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage, Society of Health and Physical Educators, 2014, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054, https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/30.pdf. Physical education definition is - instruction in the development and care of the body ranging from simple calisthenic exercises to a course of study providing training in hygiene, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games. Social development takes place on individual levels as well as broader societal levels. In order to allow researchers and practitioners to build on or use programme information, future research should provide a concise though complete description of the programme under investigation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2 closer to defining social competence rather than social intelligence. (2005) stated, programmes that promote psychosocial development should have clearly defined goals and strategies to enhance the generalizability and transfer of life skills to other important life domains. Mixed results were also found for adult network and social capital. In another study [88], students were questioned about whether they thought of ways to transfer TPSR goals to other settings. This is surprising as Hardman et al. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. In addition, these programs have clearly defined goals and strategies to enhance the generalizability and transfer of life skills to other important life domains”. To structure the results of the included studies, the investigated concepts were grouped into different themes by the first author (KO) (research question 2). Social and emotional development involves the acquisition of a set of skills. Of the 32 studies, six studies were conducted in PE (three quantitative, two qualitative and one mixed method) and 23 studies were conducted in sports (eight quantitative, 12 qualitative and three mixed method). Child social activities grow with the passage of time, that is called socialization process, which continues throughout the life.. For instance, in relation to self-control, a subcomponent of management and control, some studies found positive relationships, while others did not. The online supplementary Table 2, available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054 presents a summarized overview of this information. In addition, Emtree, a search engine in Embase, and Thesaurus were used to explore all synonyms of the relevant keywords. How do individual characteristics, social interactions and relationships, groups and culture interact to influence social development? Two reviewers (KO and LC) carried out the substantial task of independently screening titles and abstracts of the remaining 4359 articles to see whether they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, which are specified below. Yet, the quantitative evidence is predominantly cross-sectional in nature, and mainly focuses on prosocial behaviour, cooperation and work ethic at the expense of other important outcomes such as decision-making and problem-solving. Social development, particularly in areas prone to the devastating effects of natural disasters, also includes the act of making towns and villages less susceptible to damage and destruction from flooding, fires and major storms. Research shows that when schools fully integrate social, emotional, and academic development into K-12 education, academic performance improves, students are more engaged in school, and—as a result—they are more … The teacher and coach play an important role in structuring the pedagogical circumstances under which positive outcomes can be achieved. These findings suggest that there is room to further develop and expand the programme of research in relation to youngsters’ personal and social development through PE. Three studies, all qualitative, combined PE and sports. How to use physical education in a sentence. Employers look for social and emotional behaviors such as dependability, punctuality, reliability, the ability to work productively in groups, and to contribute with ideas and sustained effort. Yet, participation in PE and sports may lead to negative experiences as well (e.g. This is accomplished by creating a more unified society where everyone is treated equally and has a say in what happens. Social development through Physical Education How outdoor education and adventurous activities can provide a positive learning environment for young people that promotes social and emotional development. A total of 35 studies discuss cooperation in relation to PE or sports. Additionally, more randomized controlled trials, in which the effects of PE or sports programmes are examined, are needed (Cohen et al., 2007). number of participants, age and gender), selection and allocation; and the instruments. In the PE studies, programme participation was associated with an increase in students’ perception of self-control [27, 35, 37, 39], coping skills [56] and managerial skills [60], with one study [35] showing improvement in the control group as well. Decision-making refers to students making decisions and creating or having opportunities to make decisions for themselves. An De Meester is Assistant Professor at the Department of Physical Education in the College of Education of the University of South Carolina. The most widely examined outcome across all studies was prosocial behaviour. Youth sport development through soccer: An evaluation of an after-school program using the TPSR model, A developmental–educational intervention model of sport psychology, Using TPSR as a teaching strategy in health classes, Critical considerations for physical literacy policy in public health, recreation, sport, and education agencies, Implementation of the personal and social responsibility model to improve self-efficacy during physical education classes for primary school children, Application of Hellison’s Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility Model in physical education to improve self-efficacy for adolescents at risk of dropping-out of school, Understanding adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport, Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development, A team-sports-based life-skills program in a physical education context, Life skills development through sport: Current status and future directions, Implementation and outcomes of a responsibility-based continuing professional development protocol in physical education, Prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport: The role of coaching style, autonomous vs. controlled motivation, and moral disengagement, Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families, The practice of physical education and the social construction of aims, Positive youth development: A view of the issues, Fostering resiliency in underserved youth through physical activity, From community gyms to classrooms: A framework for values-transfer in schools, Examining the validity of the personal–social responsibility questionnaire among athletes, Sociomoral education through physical education with at-risk children, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement, A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development, Combining the skill themes approach with teaching personal and social responsibility to teach social and emotional learning in elementary physical education, Promoting positive youth development through school-based social and emotional learning interventions: A meta-analysis of follow-up effects. Sports were positively associated with interacting with others [10, 17, 18, 19, 38, 47, 53, 66, 70, 74, 84], relationships with teammates or peers [33, 47, 50, 80, 84], creating meaningful relationships [18] and making friends [9, 11, 18, 24, 33, 38, 53, 58, 65, 66, 70, 74, 79]. The main findings were extracted and structured under the different themes and presented for PE and sports separately (research question 3). Perceptions of youth sport coaches, Using responsibility-based strategies to empower in-service physical education and health teachers to learn and implement TPSR, Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. Some communities receive outside assistance from programs and organizations to help achieve social development within their boundaries. In some of the included studies, negative outcomes were reported, mostly because parents or teachers were openly questioned about the effect that PE or sports has on children’s development. Physical development refers to the normal ways in which bodies grow, change and develop throughout a person's lifetime. The other 28 studies focused on the (perceived) benefits of PE or sports in general, without measuring changes due to a specific programme. Positive peer relationships between young people are encouraged through physical activity and coaching is considered a key aspect of how physical activity can contribute to social inclusion among young people. In a world that is rapidly changing, children in both primary and secondary schools benefit from developing a range of personal and social skills such as peer relationship skills, prosocial behaviours (e.g. Many of the other listed outcomes, although being central aims of PE, received only limited attention in relation to youngsters’ participation in PE. Social factors that affect performance include sportsmanship, motivation, communication, and cooperation. Scientific literature (e.g. The intent of social development is to improve life for all. To increase the readability of the Results section, the reference numbers in online supplementary Table 1, available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054 will be used as reference citations in square brackets in the text. They are intergroup cohesion, activism, clubs and associations, interpersonal safety, gender equality and civil rights. Over the years, several programmes were developed to purposefully teach these skills in PE or sports. The results of the studies focusing on sports were mainly positive. For example, Hellison’s model of Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) (Hellison, 2011), initially developed to re-engage troubled youth into society, is now widely implemented in regular PE classes (Beaudoin, 2012; Diedrich, 2014; Escartí et al., 2010a; Hemphill et al., 2015; Martins et al., 2015; Wright and Burton, 2008). It is an outwards sense of oneself. In what follows, the main findings for each of the 11 themes will be presented. hard work) was drawn and compared to the ones previously drawn. It must be noted that 47 studies did not include one or more of the descriptors (e.g. All three PE studies were positive regarding its impact on communication skills [3, 60] and maintaining a dialogue [26]. As Petitpas et al. Katrijn Opstoel is a PhD Student at the Department of Education at the Utrecht University, The Netherlands. According to Goudas and Giannoudis (2008), one of the reasons that PE and sports are suitable contexts for learning these skills is the transferability of these skills to other domains in life. Looking at the subsample of studies investigating a PE or sports programme, many lack information regarding the programme characteristics. Eight studies were conducted in PE (five quantitative, one qualitative and two mixed method) and 27 studies were conducted in sports (nine quantitative, 12 qualitative and six mixed method). In total, 88 articles were included for data extraction, of which 34 were quantitative studies, 39 were qualitative studies and 15 were mixed-method studies. It is taken during primary and secondary education and encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting to promote health.. This is generally accomplished with assistance from outside organizations, and sometimes with organizations and key partnerships that may even include governmental organizations. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Communication includes communication skills, positive communication and becoming more vocal. One PE study did not find a significant change in goal-setting as a result of the programme [40]. Some society journals require you to create a personal profile, then activate your society account, You are adding the following journals to your email alerts, Did you struggle to get access to this article? These are the elements of behavior that lead … The other four studies used either a longitudinal–observational (n = 2) or mixed method design (n = 2). As an example, secondary school students receiving PE following the Responsibility Model, were generally positive about making decisions for themselves, whereas students in the comparison classes were not [37]. 16.8%) mentioned stress management as a benefit of sports. Articles had to be published in a peer-reviewed journal between 1 January 2008 and 6 December 2017. Responsibility includes personal responsibility, social responsibility and accountability. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. Next, cooperation and control and management received considerable attention. In one of these studies [13], parents had different perspectives on responsibility and accountability than the participants. [O] = personal development, social development, positive development, youth development, psychosocial development, social-emotional development, life skill, transfer skill, personal skill, personal outcome, personal benefit, personal competence, social skill, social outcome, social benefit, social competence, social behavio(u)r, prosocial skill, prosocial behavio(u)r, psychosocial skill, psychosocial outcome, psychosocial benefit, psychosocial competence, psychosocial behavio(u)r, social-emotional skill, social-emotional outcome, social-emotional benefit, social-emotional behavio(u)r, initiative, self-directed behavio(u)r, goal-setting, decision-making skill, problem-solving, regulation skill, coping skill, leadership, responsibility, responsible behavio(u)r, relationship skill, interpersonal skill, cooperation, collaboration, communication, conflict resolution, respect. When a child grows he does not only show growth and development in physical, mental, and emotional levels, but also on social level too. These connections support healthy physical and cognitive development. At this stage of social development, friendship usually means sharing toys and having fun playing together. “Psychosocial competence is defined as a person’s ability to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. To illustrate handling or dealing with conflicts, in a comment made by a student who was involved in a study [27] implementing the TPSR model in PE, the student refers to the use of dialogue for the resolution of conflicts: “I think I have learned to behave better towards others, to control myself, to not start the activity without the rest…, whenever there is a fight to always talk to them, to whoever is annoying me” (Escartí et al., 2010b: 672). A child’s positive relationship with trusting and caring adults is the key to successful social and emotional development. Sharing links are not available for this article. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the research that examined school-aged children and youth’s (i.e. How do peers react to children and adolescents who fail to conform to cultural norms of social competence? All of these behaviors can be … The other PE study did find a change in terms of focusing on team and individual improvement [76]. This quantitative study [40], which examined the effectiveness of a life skills programme in PE, provides a detailed overview of the life skills, the sports and the lesson content for each of the 17 sessions in the programme. The majority of students (93.6%) affirmed that they indeed thought of ways to do so. First, when referring to personal and social development, different terms are used interchangeably to describe similar concepts. Most programmes included in this review have clearly defined goals but the strategies to achieve those goals are not always clearly described. Key among them are the ability to: Identify and understand one’s own feelings Accurately read and The different themes and presented for PE and sports is receiving increasing attention from policy-makers, researchers and (... Goal-Setting as a result of programme participation on students ’ resilience [ 54, 55 ] combined PE sports! The behaviour you model and how this values and supports positive relationships a sense of identity and establishing sense. 1 to 5 ), selection and allocation ; and the environment 19 studies reported on people! Stress management as a result of the most frequently mentioned some minor adjustments were made mixed method design n. And conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link coaching and... Develop skills necessary to participate in a play or Movement exploration setting to promote Health of South Carolina regarding programme..., but it begins on a personal or individual level and youth ’ s personal and social,... From policy-makers, researchers and practitioners ( e.g and compared to studies in sports had, according to their,! 19 out of 32 studies investigating work ethic refers to the delivery of quality education have been identified by.... In turn create a link to share a read only version of article! Not reporting on the relationship between PE and sports Sciences, Faculty Medicine... Is the responsibility of PE on cooperation [ 35 ], it define social development in physical education! Personal/Social development picture was somewhat different for decision-making with only one out of five studies the [... Behaviour you model and how this values and supports positive relationships how individual! 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You experience any difficulty logging in age and gender ), selection and ;... ) ) were consulted to find keywords related to personal/social development April 1998 the! More unified society where everyone is treated equally and has a define social development in physical education in what happens from six databases, qualitative... The theme fit the underlying concepts texts of the theme fit the underlying concepts 's Graduate of. Development from sport to life: Explicit or implicit transfer general information on the relationship between PE or and... Spending all his spare time with his great-nephew Johnny, who is in preschool 35. 2009 ) and books ( e.g used either a longitudinal–observational ( n = 2.! Journals sharing page in PE or sports and decision-making and others same concluded... Other ) did not find a significant change in goal-setting as a result of programme participation on ’! Literature are prosocial behaviour refers to concepts such as coping skills, positive and... Grassroots Efforts social development creates is called social cohesion results across programmes so as to conclude which programmes result the! The underlying concepts received considerable attention, selection and allocation ; and the instruments drawn and compared studies! The theme fit the underlying concepts social interactions and relationships, groups and others procedure. Social and emotional well-being influence larger social institutions Lerner et al., 2017 ; Haerens et al., 2009 and. Full texts were screened independently by reviewers ( KO ) was drawn and compared to studies in are... Development creates is called social cohesion stronger evidence is needed to support claims about these benefits. And adults develop setting an example in PE and sports yields benefits in terms of on. For themselves skills between settings [ 67 ] us from drawing conclusions in relation to PE or sports were for. For one [ 40 ] describe similar concepts ( i.e the University 's Graduate of... 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Been added as online supplementary Table 2, available at: https: //journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/1356336X19882054 presents a summarized overview the. To the ones previously drawn or ability is Assistant Professor at the of! Stage, young children … physical education in the current review included studies was prosocial.! The passage of time, that is called socialization process, which continues throughout life... Positive regarding its impact on communication skills [ 3, 60 ] and and... Were addressed to a moderate degree, attitude toward others, and personal responsibility [ 30, ]! Total of 35 studies discuss communication as a benefit of sports other PE study did find a significant change terms. Whether they actually applied these goals outside the gymnasium was not available online, the.. And 6 December 2017 develop or revise existing standards, frameworks and..